{"id":237886,"date":"2026-06-20T12:06:31","date_gmt":"2026-06-20T10:06:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/?p=237886"},"modified":"2026-06-20T12:06:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T10:06:47","slug":"19e-hezirana-1923an-dagirkirina-inglistan-ji-silemaniye-re","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/?p=237886","title":{"rendered":"19\u2019\u00ea Hez\u00eerana 1923\u2019an; Dagirkirina Ingl\u00eestan ji Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea re"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Esma Mistefa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dagirkeriya Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea (Ingl\u00eestan\u00ea) li Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea serdemeke pir gir\u00eeng e ku \u00e7aren\u00fbsa Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea diyar kiriye. Ev p\u00eavajo di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya berjewendiy\u00ean petrol\u00ea \u00fb nex\u015feya n\u00fb ya Rojhilata Nav\u00een de p\u00ea\u015f ket. Di 19\u2019\u00ea Hez\u00eerana 1923\u2019an de Ingl\u00eestan Sil\u00eaman\u00ee dagir kirin \u00fb t\u00ea de gelek komkuj\u00ee \u00fb qetl\u00eeam p\u00eak an\u00een.<\/p>\n<p>Li gor\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea me de hatine kirin hinek hurguliy\u00ean v\u00ea serdem\u00ea di drketin p\u00ea\u015fiya me \u00fb bi van sernavan em dikarin ji we re p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f bikin.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Hatina Br\u00eetaniyan a Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea (1918)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ee y\u00ea Yekem bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb \u00fb \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb, h\u00eaz\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee di bin fermandariya General Maude de ber bi her\u00eama Kurdistan\u00ea ve hatin. Di Cotmeha 1918\u2019an de, Br\u00eetan\u00ee ketin Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea. Armanca wan a sereke ew b\u00fb ku her\u00eam\u00ean dewlemend \u00ean bi petrol\u00ea (wek Kerk\u00fbk \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea) bixin bin kontrola xwe \u00fb s\u00eenor\u00ea her\u00eama bin s\u00eewana xwe (Iraq) li hember\u00ee Tirkiy\u00ea bipar\u00eazin.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Siyaseta Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea \u00fb \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd\u00ea Berzenc\u00ee<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Br\u00eetaniyan di destp\u00eak\u00ea de nexwestin bi art\u00ea\u015feke mezin li nava \u00e7iyay\u00ean Kurdistan\u00ea \u015fer bikin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, wan kesayetiyek\u00ee xurt \u00fb ol\u00ee y\u00ea her\u00eam\u00ea, <strong>\u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd\u00ea Berzenc\u00ee<\/strong>, wek &#8220;Hukmdar\u00ea Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea&#8221; tay\u00een kir. Plana Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea ew b\u00fb ku bi r\u00eaya \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd her\u00eam\u00ea bi r\u00eave bibin. L\u00ea armanca \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd cuda b\u00fb; w\u00ee dixwest Kurdistaneke serbixwe ava bike.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Serhildana Yekem (1919)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Dema \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd d\u00eet ku Br\u00eetan\u00ee maf\u00ea serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea nadin Kurdan \u00fb ten\u00ea wek am\u00fbrek\u00ea w\u00ee bi kar t\u00eenin, di Gulana 1919\u2019an de serhildan da destp\u00eakirin.<\/p>\n<p>W\u00ee berpirs\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee y\u00ean li Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea girtin.<\/p>\n<p>Ala Kurdistan\u00ea hilda \u00fb serxweb\u00fbn \u00eelan kir.<\/p>\n<p>Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea bi art\u00ea\u015feke mezin \u00fb bi pi\u015ftgiriya balafiran \u00ear\u00ee\u015f kir.<\/p>\n<p>Di \u015fer\u00ea li n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee Derbendixan\u00ea (Bazyan) de \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd bir\u00eendar b\u00fb, hate girtin \u00fb sirg\u00fbn\u00ee Hindistan\u00ea (girava Andaman) hate kirin.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Vegerandina \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd \u00fb ragihandina keyaniy\u00ea (1922)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pi\u015ft\u00ee sirg\u00fbnkirina \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd, li Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea \u00fb derdora w\u00ea aloz\u00ee \u00fb serhildan\u00ean e\u015f\u00eeran ranewestiyan. Di heman dem\u00ea de, bandora Tirkiy\u00ea (di bin serokatiya Mistefa Kemal Atat\u00fbrk de) li ser her\u00eam\u00ea z\u00eade b\u00fb. Br\u00eetan\u00ee ne\u00e7ar man ku di sala 1922\u2019an de \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd ji sirg\u00fbn\u00ea veger\u00eenin Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea da ku rew\u015f\u00ea aram bike.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00ea bel\u00ea, \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd di Mijdara 1922\u2019an de xwe wek <strong>&#8220;\u015eah\u00ea Keyaniya Kurdistan\u00ea&#8221;<\/strong> \u00eelan kir \u00fb kabineyeke wez\u00eeran ava kir. W\u00ee rojnameya &#8220;Roj\u00ee Kurdistan&#8221; we\u015fand \u00fb art\u00ea\u015feke netewey\u00ee ava kir.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Bombebarana bi balafiran \u00fb t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna s\u00eestemat\u00eek (1923-1924)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea d\u00eet ku \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd nakeve bin kontrola wan, biryar da ku h\u00eaza w\u00ee bi temam\u00ee bi\u015fk\u00eene. R\u00eaveberiya Br\u00eetan\u00ee ya li Bexday\u00ea stratejiya <strong>&#8220;Bombebarana Asman\u00ee&#8221;<\/strong> (RAF &#8211; Royal Air Force) bi kar an\u00ee.<\/p>\n<p>Di sal\u00ean 1923 \u00fb 1924\u2019an de balafir\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee bajar\u00ea Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea bi giran\u00ee bombebaran kirin.<\/p>\n<p>Bajar hema b\u00eaje vala b\u00fb; xelk reviyan \u00e7iya \u00fb gundan.<\/p>\n<p>Di t\u00eermeha 1924\u2019an de, h\u00eaz\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fa n\u00fb ya Iraq\u00ea ketin Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea \u00fb daw\u00ee li Keyaniya Kurdistan\u00ea an\u00een.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> Gir\u00eadana bi Iraq\u00ea ve (Peymana Lozan\u00ea \u00fb Cemiyeta Neteweyan)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Di dema v\u00ea dagirkeriy\u00ea de, \u00e7aren\u00fbsa Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea \u00fb par\u00eazgeha M\u00fbsil\u00ea (ku Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea bi gi\u015ft\u00ee di nav de b\u00fb) di qada navdewlet\u00ee de hate n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin. Di <strong>Peymana Lozan\u00ea (1923)<\/strong> de maf\u00ean Kurdan hatin pa\u015fguhkirin. Di sala 1925-1926\u2019an de j\u00ee Cemiyeta Neteweyan (League of Nations) biryar da ku par\u00eazgeha M\u00fbsil\u00ea \u00fb Sil\u00eaman\u00ee bi temam\u00ee bi ser dewleta n\u00fb ya Iraq\u00ea (ku di bin mandaya Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea de b\u00fb) ve b\u00eane gir\u00eadan.<\/p>\n<p>Di dema dagirkeriya Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea (Ingl\u00eestan\u00ea) ya li ser Sil\u00eaman\u00ee \u00fb derdora w\u00ea (sal\u00ean 1919\u20131930) de, pol\u00eet\u00eekayeke pir tund \u00fb hovane li dij\u00ee gel\u00ea Kurd hate me\u015fandin. Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea ji bo tepisandina serhildan\u00ean netewey\u00ee \u00fb kontrolkirina her\u00eam\u00ea, stratejiya <strong>&#8220;Tirsandina bi R\u00eaya Bombebaran\u00ea&#8221; (Intimidation by bomb)<\/strong> bi kar an\u00ee.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de komkuj\u00ee \u00fb qetl\u00eeam\u00ean sereke y\u00ean li ser Kurdan wiha p\u00eak hatin:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Bombebarana s\u00eestemat\u00eek \u00fb gi\u015ft\u00ee ya Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea (1923\u20131924)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>H\u00eaza Asman\u00ee ya Keyaniy\u00ea ya Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea (RAF), bajar\u00ea Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea wek\u00ee armanca serek\u00ee girt dest.<\/p>\n<p><strong>W\u00earankirina bajar \u00fb s\u00fbk\u00ea:<\/strong> Di sal\u00ean 1923 \u00fb 1924\u2019an de balafiran b\u00easer\u00fbber bajar bombebaran kirin. Di encam\u00ea de bi sedan xan\u00ee \u00fb s\u00fbka d\u00eerok\u00ee ya baj\u00ear bi temam\u00ee \u015fewt\u00een \u00fb w\u00earan b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u00fb\u015ftina siv\u00eelan:<\/strong> Di van \u00ear\u00ee\u015fan de bi sedan siv\u00eel\u00ean ku nekar\u00een ji baj\u00ear birevin (bi taybet\u00ee p\u00eer, zarok \u00fb nexwe\u015f) jiyana xwe jest dan. Ji ber hov\u00eetiya bombebaran\u00ea, nif\u00fbsa Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea ya ku derdora 7,000-10,000 kes b\u00fb, ne\u00e7ar ma ku bajar bi temam\u00ee vala bike \u00fb bireve \u00e7iyan.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Siyaseta &#8220;Zeviy\u00ean \u015eewitand\u00ee&#8221; li gund\u00ean Kurdistan\u00ea<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Fermandar\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee ferman dan ku gund\u00ean pi\u015ftgiriya \u015e\u00eax Mehm\u00fbd dikin b\u00eane tunekirin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wrankirina gundewaran:<\/strong> Wing-Commander J.A. Chamier fermaneke zelal da ku div\u00ea \u00ear\u00ee\u015f b\u00earawestan li ser xan\u00ee, mirov, \u00e7andin\u00ee (mes\u00fbl) \u00fb sewalan b\u00eane kirin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Komkujiy\u00ean gund\u00ean b\u00eaparastin:<\/strong> Fermandar\u00ea Br\u00eetan\u00ee y\u00ea bi nav\u00ea Arthur &#8220;Bombebaran&#8221; Harris (Arthur &#8220;Bomber&#8221; Harris) bi serbilind\u00ee di rapor\u00ean xwe de diniv\u00ees\u00ee ku: <em>&#8220;Kurd \u00ead\u00ee f\u00eam dikin ku bombebarana rast\u00ee \u00e7i ye. Di nava 45 h\u00fbrdeman de gundek\u00ee mezin bi temam\u00ee ji hol\u00ea radibe \u00fb ji s\u00ea par\u00ean gel\u00ea w\u00ee pareyek dimire an bir\u00eendar dibe.&#8221;<\/em> Bi dehan gund\u00ean Kurdan li derdora Sil\u00eaman\u00ee, Helebce \u00fb her\u00eama Germiyan\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee hatin qetilkirin.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Bikaran\u00eena \u00e7ek\u00ean qedexekir\u00ee \u00fb ceribandina \u00e7ek\u00ean n\u00fb<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Kurdistan \u00fb Iraq ji bo Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea b\u00fbn m\u00eena laboratoryek\u00ea (cih\u00ea ceribandinan) ku t\u00ea de \u00e7ek\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean her\u00ee hov ceribandin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bikaran\u00eena gaz\u00ean k\u00eemyew\u00ee (Jehr\u00ee):<\/strong> Wez\u00eer\u00ea \u015eer \u00ea Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea y\u00ea w\u00ea dem\u00ea, <strong>Winston Churchill<\/strong>, bi fermaneke ferm\u00ee pi\u015ftgiriya bikaran\u00eena gaza jehr\u00ee (k\u00eemyew\u00ee) li dij\u00ee Kurdan kir \u00fb got: <em>&#8220;Ez bi tund\u00ee pi\u015ftgiriya bikaran\u00eena gaza jehr\u00ee li dij\u00ee e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean ne\u015fiyar dikim da ku tirsiyeke mezin bixemil\u00eenim.&#8221;<\/em> Di \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean li ser gundan de ev gaz hatin bikaran\u00een \u00fb b\u00fb sedema mirina bi hezaran siv\u00eelan.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bombey\u00ean demk\u00ee:<\/strong> Br\u00eetan\u00ee bombey\u00ean wisa diav\u00eatin gundan ku pi\u015ft\u00ee \u00e7end demjim\u00earan an rojek\u00ea diteqiyan. Armanc ew b\u00fb ku zarok\u00ean gundiyan dema dileyizin an mirov dema vedigerin gund\u00ean xwe bimirin.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Komkujiya &#8220;Roja Re\u015f a Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea&#8221; (6\u2019\u00ea \u00celona 1930)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ev r\u00fbdan pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015fandina Keyaniya Kurdistan\u00ea, di dema amadekariy\u00ean peymana n\u00fb ya Iraq \u00fb Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea de p\u00eak hat.<\/p>\n<p>Gel\u00ea Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea li ber avahiya Seraya baj\u00ear li dij\u00ee hilbijartin\u00ean sexte \u00fb gir\u00eadana bi Iraq\u00ea re xwep\u00ea\u015fandaneke a\u015ftiyane kirin.<\/p>\n<p>Serbaz\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fa ku wan ava kirib\u00fb, rasterast gule re\u015fandin ser xelk\u00ea siv\u00eel.<\/p>\n<p>Di v\u00ea r\u00fbdan\u00ea de ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de wek <strong>&#8220;Roja Re\u015f a Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea&#8221;<\/strong> an <strong>&#8220;\u015eer\u00ea Berderk\u00ee Seray\u00ea&#8221;<\/strong> t\u00ea naskirin, bi dehan Kurd hatin qetilkirin \u00fb bi sedan kes j\u00ee bir\u00eendar b\u00fbn an hatin girtin.<\/p>\n<p>Ev hov\u00eet\u00ee \u00fb qetl\u00eeam ewqas mezin b\u00fbn ku hinek efser\u00ean Br\u00eetan\u00ee bixwe (wek Air Commodore Lionel Charlton di sala 1923-1924\u2019an de) dema nexwe\u015fxaney\u00ean tij\u00ee zarok \u00fb jin\u00ean b\u00eadest \u00fb p\u00ea d\u00eetin, li dij\u00ee v\u00ea siyaseta &#8220;tirsandin\u00ea&#8221; neraz\u00eeb\u00fbn n\u00ee\u015fan dan \u00fb ji wez\u00eefeya xwe \u00eestifa kirin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Esma Mistefa Dagirkeriya Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea (Ingl\u00eestan\u00ea) li Sil\u00eamaniy\u00ea serdemeke pir gir\u00eeng e ku \u00e7aren\u00fbsa Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea diyar kiriye. Ev p\u00eavajo di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya berjewendiy\u00ean petrol\u00ea \u00fb nex\u015feya n\u00fb ya Rojhilata Nav\u00een de p\u00ea\u015f ket. Di 19\u2019\u00ea Hez\u00eerana 1923\u2019an de Ingl\u00eestan Sil\u00eaman\u00ee dagir kirin \u00fb t\u00ea de gelek komkuj\u00ee \u00fb qetl\u00eeam p\u00eak an\u00een. Li gor\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean ku ji [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":237887,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[232],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-237886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-civak-u-jiyan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/237886","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=237886"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/237886\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":237888,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/237886\/revisions\/237888"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/237887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=237886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=237886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=237886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}