{"id":221248,"date":"2025-03-01T12:49:34","date_gmt":"2025-03-01T10:49:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/?p=221248"},"modified":"2025-03-01T12:49:34","modified_gmt":"2025-03-01T10:49:34","slug":"destura-suriyeye-penase-giringi-u-elternatif","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/?p=221248","title":{"rendered":"Dest\u00fbra S\u00fbriyey\u00ea;\u00a0 p\u00eanase, gir\u00eeng\u00ee \u00fb elternat\u00eef"},"content":{"rendered":"

Esma Mistefa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra welat ew zagona her\u00ee bilind a ku te\u015feya dewlet\u00ea, pergala serwer \u00fb ya hikumet\u00ea diyar dike. Di heman dem\u00ea de r\u00eaxistinkirina pergala gi\u015ft\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea p\u00eakhat\u00ee, teybetkar\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eakiliy\u00ean di navbera reyadaran, maf\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean kes \u00fb koman de destn\u00ee\u015fan dike. Yekem dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een li S\u00fbriy\u00ea di sala 1920\u2019an hat day\u00een.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Yekem\u00een zagon di dinyay\u00ea de hatiye derketin (Zagon\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Hemorab\u00ee \u00a0(bi dor 1750 b.z. mir) qiralek\u00ee Keldan\u00ee b\u00fb. Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku bav\u00ea w\u00ee Sin-Mabalat dest ji text berda \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee serkeftina w\u00ee di \u00e7end \u015feran de li dij\u00ee pad\u00ee\u015fahiy\u00ean c\u00eeran\u00ean Bab\u00eel\u00ea, w\u00ee kar\u00eeb\u00fb tevahiya Mezopotamyay\u00ea kontrol bike, ew pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ea Bab\u00eel\u00ea ma. Pad\u00ee\u015fahiya w\u00ee 43 salan dom kir \u00fb di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de qedera<\/em> w\u00ee hate day\u00een ku Bab\u00eel ji dewletek pi\u00e7\u00fbk veguhez\u00eene paytextek mezin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hemorab\u00ee bi qan\u00fbn\u00ean ku bi nav\u00ea “Qan\u00fbn\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee” t\u00eane zan\u00een navdar e, ku di nav qan\u00fbn\u00ean yekem \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea de t\u00eane niv\u00eesandin. Zagon li ser kevirek\u00ee bi dir\u00eajahiya du metre \u00fb n\u00eevan hatine x\u00eazkirin \u00fb ew di sala 1901 de li Xuzistana \u00ceran\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea Misirolog Gustav J\u00e9quier ve hatiye d\u00eetin \u00fb niha li Muzexaneya Louvre li Par\u00ees\u00ea t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fandan<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7end xal ji zagon\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee, ku wek\u00ee Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee j\u00ee t\u00ea zan\u00een, yek ji gir\u00eengtir\u00een destkeftiy\u00ean damezr\u00eener\u00ea \u00cemparatoriya Bab\u00eel\u00ea ya yekem e. Di xal\u00ean j\u00ear de em agahdariya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a li ser van qan\u00fbnan binirx\u00eenin<\/em>:<\/em><\/p>\n

Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee, wek\u00ee yek ji zagon\u00ean niv\u00eesk\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea t\u00ea zan\u00een \u00fb t\u00ea gotin ku Hemorab\u00ee ew ji xwedayan wergirtiye<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ji 282 zagonan p\u00eak t\u00ea<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee (Qan\u00fbn\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee) ji 282 zagonan (madey\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00ee) p\u00eak t\u00ea, y\u00ean ku vedigerin n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee sala 1771 BZ. Dema ku Hemorab\u00ee van qan\u00fbn\u00ean han\u00ea derxist, da ku b\u00eay\u00ee \u00eest\u00eesna li bajar\u00ean \u00eemparatoriya xwe bicih b\u00eene \u00fb bibe sedema ge\u015fb\u00fbn \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fkeftina \u00eemparatoriy\u00ea.<\/em><\/p>\n

Yekem zagon derket \u00fb li ser kevir hate x\u00eazkirin<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Ji bil\u00ee ku yek ji yekem qan\u00fbn\u00ean niv\u00eesk\u00ee ye, Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee (Qan\u00fbn\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee) di heman dem\u00ea de wek\u00ee yek ji kevintir\u00een qan\u00fbn\u00ean niv\u00eesk\u00ee y\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea t\u00ea zan\u00een<\/em>.<\/em> Ew r\u00eazek niv\u00eesar\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00ee ye ku li ser obeliskek kevir\u00ee ya mezin, ji kevir\u00ea d\u00eeor\u00eet re\u015f hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin, bi qas\u00ee 2,4 metre bilind e.<\/em><\/p>\n

Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee bi gelek mijaran ve mij\u00fbl b\u00fb, di nav wan de zewac, m\u00eeras, deyn, kolet\u00ee, \u00fb bazirgan\u00ee, ji bil\u00ee dan\u00fbstandina bi cezay\u00ean ku ji bo tawanan, form\u00ean tazm\u00eenat\u00ea ji bo bir\u00een\u00ean taybet\u00ee \u00fb m\u00fb\u00e7ey\u00ean ji bo hejmarek ji p\u00ee\u015feyan, wek doktor \u00fb berber<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

(\u00c7av bi \u00e7av)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya axaftina li ser cezay\u00ean di Qan\u00fbna Hemorab\u00ee de; Ceza bi prens\u00eeba \u201c\u00e7av bi \u00e7av\u201d ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee b\u00fb, t\u00ea wateya ku kes\u00ea ku zirar\u00ea bide kesek\u00ee, div\u00ea bi heman zirar\u00ea were cezakirin. ji bil\u00ee v\u00ea, \u00e7end mijar hatin girtin, di nav wan de cudahiya zayend\u00ee (y\u00ea ku t\u00ea cezakirin m\u00ear e yan jin e) her wiha asta civak\u00ee (Cezay\u00ean siviktir li ser kes\u00ean di \u00e7\u00een\u00ean jor \u00ean civak\u00ea de dihatin bir\u00een, weke cezay\u00ean pereyan ku weke \u015fekl\u00ea cezakirin\u00ea dihatin bir\u00een)<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee ola \u00ceslam\u00ee derketina Dest\u00fbr\u00ea <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00eenvan\u00ean ol \u00fb baweriya \u00ceslam\u00ee dib\u00eajin ku yekem\u00een dest\u00fbr derketiye ew j\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee zagon\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee b\u00fb ya Med\u00eena Munewera ye. Yek ji wan l\u00eakol\u00eeneran j\u00ee ramanwer\u00ea Misr\u00ee Mihemd Emara ew ramanwer, niv\u00eeskar, l\u00eakol\u00eener \u00fb endam\u00ea Akademiya L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean \u00ceslam\u00ee li El Ezher\u00ea ye. ku derbar\u00ea yekem\u00een dest\u00fbr de wiha gotiye: “Ger l\u00eakol\u00eenerek di fiqha \u00eeslam\u00ee de li kevintir\u00een dest\u00fbra ku madey\u00ean w\u00ea di m\u00eerata dest\u00fbr\u00ean mirov\u00ee de maye, bigerem, ev l\u00eakol\u00eener d\u00ea dest\u00fbreke ku beriya dest\u00fbra dewleta P\u00eaxember a ku Med\u00eene (di sala 1’\u00ea hicr\u00ee, 622 m\u00eelad\u00ee de) ava kiriye, neb\u00eene. Dibe ku ew qan\u00fbn\u00ean ji serdema Hemorab\u00ee (1792 – 1750 b.z.) vedigere bib\u00eene, L\u00ea ew dest\u00fbreke temam ku ji dest\u00fbra dewleta Med\u00eeney\u00ea kevintir a ku P\u00eaxember\u00ea \u00ceslam\u00ea derxistiye nab\u00eene”.<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00eeroka dest\u00fbra Netew\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee 1789<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee ji dema ku ew di sala 1789\u2019an de ket meriyet\u00ea desthilatdariya her\u00ee bilind a Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee ye. Belge di sala 1787-an de li Mecl\u00eesa F\u00eeladelfiya hate niv\u00eesandin \u00fb ji h\u00eala r\u00eazek peyman\u00ean dewlet\u00ea ve di 1787 \u00fb 1788 de hate pejirandin. Ji sala 1789\u2019an vir ve, Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een 27 caran hatiye guhartin.<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00eeroka dest\u00fbr\u00ean S\u00fbriye y\u00ea<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra yekem a sala 1920<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee veki\u015f\u00eena Osmaniyan ji xaka S\u00fbriy\u00ea di 1918\u2019an de. Hik\u00fbmeta Netew\u00ee bi serokatiya El\u00ee R\u00eeda el Rikab\u00ee bi tens\u00eeq bi r\u00eaber\u00ea art\u00ea\u015fa \u015eore\u015fa Ereb\u00ee ya Mezin Feysal Bin His\u00ean re hate orgen\u00eezekirin. Di Gulana 1919\u2019an de, li ser p\u00ea\u015fniyara M\u00eer Feysel, bi r\u00eaya dengd\u00ear\u00ean hatin hilbijartin ku n\u00fbner\u00ean Encumena \u015eand\u00ean Osman\u00ee li Stenbol\u00ea ji bo dewlet\u00ean \u015eam \u00fb Heleb\u00ea li gor\u00ee qan\u00fbn\u00ean Osman\u00ee endam\u00ean “Kongreya Gi\u015ft\u00ee ya S\u00fbriy\u00ea” hatin hilbijartin. Di 8’\u00ea Adara 1920’an de, kongirey\u00ea b\u00eay\u00ee koord\u00eenasyona bi hevalbendan re, “Serxweb\u00fbna S\u00fbriyey\u00ea” <\/strong>\u00eelan kir \u00fb m\u00eer Feysal weke yekem\u00een m\u00eer hate erkdarkirin, r\u00fbxm\u00ee ku ev yek bi tu \u00eet\u00eeraf\u00ean navdewlet\u00ee neb\u00fb. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, di kongir\u00ea\u00a0 de kom\u00eeteyeke taybet bi serokatiya Ha\u015fim El-Atas\u00ee hat avakirin, ku erk\u00ea w\u00ea amadekirina dest\u00fbra Qiraliyet\u00ea b\u00fb, ji dozdeh be\u015f \u00fb 147 madeyan p\u00eak dihat \u00fb di nav ti\u015ft\u00ean her\u00ee gir\u00eeng ku hate gotin ku S\u00fbriye “Qiraltiyeke siv\u00eel a tems\u00eelkar e \u00fb \u015eam paytexta w\u00ea ye \u00fb ola w\u00ea \u00ceslam e”. L\u00ea bel\u00ea ev dest\u00fbr li ber xwe neda ten\u00ea 15 rojan kete meryet\u00ea. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Hukm\u00ea Rasterast <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Desthilatdariya Frans\u00ee ya li ser S\u00fbriy\u00ea dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een rawestand \u00fb di 1\u00ea \u00eelona 1920 de, wan welat li ser xet\u00ean mezheb\u00ee \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ee di nav dewlet\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk de dabe\u015f kirin. Di 28\u2019\u00ea T\u00eermeha 1922\u2019an de \u201cQan\u00fbna Bingeh\u00een a Federasyona S\u00fbriy\u00ea\u201d wek dest\u00fbra federal ji bo par\u00eazgeh\u00ean \u015eam, Heleb \u00fb Laziqiy\u00ea ji laiy\u00ea Kom\u00eeser\u00ea Frans\u00ee Henri Gouraud hate derketin. Serdema yek\u00eetiy\u00ea z\u00eade dom nekir. Di 1\u00ea \u00c7ileya 1925\u2019an de yek\u00eet\u00ee hat hilwe\u015fandin \u00fb yekit\u00ee di navbera dewlet\u00ean \u015eam \u00fb Heleb\u00ea de ten\u00ea hat ragihandin, l\u00ea ji hev cudab\u00fbna Suweyda \u00fb Laziqiy\u00ea berdewam b\u00fb. Di w\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ea de Subh\u00ee Berekat b\u00eay\u00ee ku were hilbijartin wek serok\u00ea dewlet\u00ea hate hesibandin, \u00e7awa ku hem\u00fb serok\u00ean dewlet\u00ean S\u00fbriy\u00ea y\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ee hatin tay\u00eenkirin \u00fb nehatin hilbijartin, ne ji aliy\u00ea Enc\u00fbmena N\u00fbneran \u00fb ne j\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea kesek\u00ee din ve.<\/em><\/p>\n

Di 21\u2019\u00ea T\u00eermeha 1925\u2019an de \u015eore\u015fa Mezin a S\u00fbriy\u00ea li Suweyday\u00ea dest p\u00ea kir \u00fb di ser\u00ee de yek\u00eetiya welat\u00ea S\u00fbriy\u00ea \u00fb hilbijartina mecl\u00eesa damezr\u00eener a ji bo dan\u00eena dest\u00fbr\u00ea b\u00fb. \u015eore\u015f j\u00ee b\u00fb sedem ku Subh\u00ee Berekat dest ji kar berde \u00fb Ehmed Nam\u00ee weke serok\u00ea dewleta S\u00fbriy\u00ea were destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee tepsandina \u015fore\u015f\u00ea Ehmed Nam\u00ee li dij\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00eestifa kir \u00fb Tajedd\u00een El Hesen\u00ee wek serok\u00ea dewlet\u00ea hate erkdarkirin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra 1930<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Di 14\u2019\u00ea Sibata 1928\u2019an de \u015e\u00eax Tacedd\u00een El Hesen\u00ee<\/strong> wek serok\u00ea dewlet\u00ea hat tay\u00eenkirin. Bi p\u00eawendiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean ba\u015f bi dabit\u00ean Frans\u00ee re li \u015eam\u00ea, kar\u00eeb\u00fb banga hilbijartinan ji bo Mecl\u00eesa Damezr\u00eener bike \u00fb Mecl\u00eesa Damezr\u00eener civ\u00eena xwe ya yekem di 9\u2019\u00ea Gulana 1928\u2019an de li dar xist. t\u00ea de bi yek deng\u00ee Ha\u015fim El Etes\u00ee<\/strong> weke serok\u00ea mecl\u00ees\u00ea hate hilbijartin. Mecl\u00ees\u00ea di 9’\u00ea Hez\u00eeran\u00ea de bi serokatiya \u00cebrah\u00eem Hanano<\/strong> kom\u00eeteya amedekirina dest\u00fbr\u00ea hilbijart. Kom\u00eetey\u00ea 15 r\u00fbni\u015ftin p\u00eak an\u00een \u00fb di 11’\u00ea Tebax\u00ea de dest\u00fbr bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb \u00fb di mecl\u00ees\u00ea de daket dengdan\u00ea \u00fb hat qeb\u00fblkirin. Di v\u00ea navber\u00ea de gelek guhartin hatin p\u00eakan\u00een, l\u00ea ev dest\u00fbr heyan\u00ee sala 1949 berdewam kir. <\/em><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra 1950<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Di navbera wan salan de gelek ge\u015fedan di guhartina serokkomar\u00ea de \u00fb di rew\u015fa S\u00fbriy\u00ea de hatin r\u00fbdan, di dawiya sala 1949 an de Sam\u00ee El Henaw\u00ee<\/strong> derbeya le\u015fker\u00ee p\u00eak an\u00ee \u00fb b\u00fb serok, l\u00ea z\u00eade dir\u00eaj nekir di wan du rojan de Husn\u00ee Zay\u00eem<\/strong> \u00fb serok\u00ea wezaret\u00ea\u00a0 girtin \u00fb darve kirin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea serokatiya hikumet\u00ea radest\u00ee Ha\u015f\u00eam El Etes\u00ee<\/strong> kir. w\u00ee j\u00ee li ser lidarxistina hilbijartin\u00ean Mecl\u00eesa Damezr\u00eene xebat kir ji bo\u00a0 amadekirina dest\u00fbreke n\u00fb ya welat.<\/em><\/p>\n

Di 5\u00ea Mijdara 1950\u2019\u00ee de zagoneke n\u00fb ya hilbijartin\u00ea derxist, ku t\u00ea de jin\u00ean S\u00fbriy\u00ea yekem car be\u015fdar\u00ee dengdan\u00ea b\u00fbn. <\/em><\/p>\n

Kom\u00eeteya Amadekirina Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een panzdeh makezagon\u00ean (Dest\u00fbr) Ewrop\u00ee \u00fb Asyay\u00ea nirxand da ku bigih\u00eeje “standard\u00ean her\u00ee bilind”. Pi\u015ft\u00ee gelek n\u00eeqa\u015f \u00fb guhartinan di madeyan de, dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ku ji 166 xalan p\u00eak t\u00ea bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb. Dest\u00fbra 1950\u2019\u00ee, ku wek “Dest\u00fbra Serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea” j\u00ee t\u00ea binavkirin, neb\u00fb sedema guhertin\u00ean k\u00fbr di p\u00eakhateya r\u00eaj\u00eema S\u00fbriy\u00ea de. Di v\u00ea dest\u00fbr\u00ea de xal\u00ean maf\u00ean gi\u015ft\u00ee y\u00ean di Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een a 1950 de hatin berfirehkirin \u00fb parastin heta ku ew gih\u00ee\u015ftin 28 xalan ku ten\u00ea bi maf \u00fb azadiy\u00ean gi\u015ft\u00ee ve mij\u00fbl dibin. Di nav van de par\u00eazbendiya mal\u00ea, azadiya raman\u00ea, \u00e7apemen\u00ee, civ\u00een, xwen\u00ee\u015fandan, darizandina adil, \u00fb p\u00ea\u015f\u00eegirtina li girtin \u00fb bin\u00e7avkirina keyf\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee dadgehkirin ji bo demeke dir\u00eaj e. Herwiha parastina maf\u00ea milkiyet\u00ea \u00fb be\u015fdarb\u00fbna jiyana abor\u00ee \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee parastina maf\u00ean gund\u00ee \u00fb karkeran.<\/em><\/p>\n

Herwiha t\u00ea de Hate diyarkirin ku parastina maf\u00ean mezheb\u00ean ol\u00ee bi \u015fopandina qan\u00fbn\u00ean wan de b\u00ea kirin. Her wiha di Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een de hatiye diyarkirin ku perwerde ji bo her welatiyek\u00ee, mecb\u00fbr\u00ee \u00fb bela\u015f e \u00fb dewlet mecb\u00fbr dike ku di nava deh salan de nexwendewariy\u00ea ji hol\u00ea rake \u00fb her wiha bicihkirina Bedewiyan j\u00ee di nava deh salan de ferz dike. <\/em><\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee derbeya duyem\u00een a di sala 1951’an de ji aliy\u00ea Ad\u00eeb \u015e\u00ee\u015fakl\u00ee<\/strong> ve, w\u00ee dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een rawestand, d\u00fbv re dest\u00fbrek n\u00fb derxist ku wek\u00ee yekem dest\u00fbrnameya serokatiy\u00ea ya welat ku di\u015fibiya pergala ku li Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee di meriyet\u00ea de ye. Dest\u00fbra \u015e\u00ee\u015fakl\u00ee ji 10\u2019\u00ea t\u00eermeha 1953\u2019an heya 26\u2019\u00ea sibata 1954\u2019an, ango \u015fe\u015f mehan ten\u00ea hate sepandin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku \u015e\u00ee\u015fakli di 25\u2019\u00ea Sibata 1954\u2019an de hat hilwe\u015fandin, careke din Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een a 1950\u2019\u00ee \u00fb Parlamentoya hey\u00ee \u00fb Serokomar Ha\u015fim El-Atass\u00ee<\/strong> ji n\u00fb ve hatin vegerandin heta ku hilbijartin\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean parlementoy\u00ea hatin kirin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cara duyem\u00een ku dest\u00fbr hate rawestandin di navbera 1958 \u00fb 1961\u2019an de di dema ku welat be\u015fek ji Komara Ereb\u00ee ya Yekb\u00fby\u00ee b\u00fb, dema ku ew bi dest\u00fbrek demk\u00ee ya ku ji h\u00eala Cemal Abdulnas\u00ear<\/strong> ve hat\u00ee amadekirin hate guhertin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee veqet\u00eena ji Komar\u00ea, Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een a jor\u00een pi\u015ft\u00ee guhertin\u00ean bi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00ean ku li ser nav\u00ea ferm\u00ee y\u00ean Komar\u00ea hatin kirin, ji n\u00fb ve hate vegerandin. Ew di referand\u00fbm\u00ea de hate kirin \u00fb hate pejirandin heya sala 1963, dema ku Partiya Baas<\/strong> li dij\u00ee pergala dest\u00fbr\u00ee ya hey\u00ee rab\u00fb ku niha weke “\u015eore\u015fa 8\u2019\u00ea Adar\u00ea” t\u00ea zan\u00een, ku t\u00eade dest\u00fbr hate rawestandin \u00fb nehat vegerandin.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Dest\u00fbr\u00ean Baas y\u00ean demk\u00ee<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Yekem biryar\u00ean “Enc\u00fbmena Serkirdayetiya \u015eore\u015f\u00ea”<\/strong> bi serokatiya Luay El-Atass\u00ee<\/strong>, rawestandina dest\u00fbr\u00ea, girtina Serok Nazim El-Quds\u00ee<\/strong> \u00fb serokwez\u00eer Xalid El-Ezm<\/strong>, \u00fb sepandina rew\u015fa awarte ku 48 sal dom kir. Ev rew\u015f di N\u00eesana 2011\u2019an de hat rakirin. Di sala 1964 de, Enc\u00fbmen\u00ea dest\u00fbreke demk\u00ee ji bo wel\u00eat derxist \u00fb di 1\u2019\u00ea Gulana 1969\u2019an de careke din dest\u00fbrek n\u00fb derxist. Dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een a demk\u00ee ya her\u00ee daw\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee ku Hafiz Esed<\/strong> di 9\u00ea Kan\u00fbna P\u00ea\u015f\u00een a sala 1971\u00ea de hat ser hukim hat derxistin \u00fb heta sala 1973an berdewam kir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra 1973<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Hafiz Esed<\/strong><\/em> kom\u00eeteyek bi serokatiya Mihemed Fad\u00eal ava kir ji bo niv\u00eesandina “dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een a da\u00eem\u00ee ya welat”, ku di 12\u00ea Adar\u00ea de bi referand\u00fbm\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea gel ve hat pesendkirin \u00fb di 13\u00ea Adar\u00ea de ji aliy\u00ea Serok\u00ea Komar\u00ea ve bi biryarnameya serokatiy\u00ea hat derxistin. Bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea re hi\u015fmendiya Partiya Baas<\/strong> li ser dewlet\u00ea hate ferzkirin, weke ku armanca civaka S\u00fbriy\u00ea \u201cyek\u00eet\u00ee, azad\u00ee \u00fb sosyal\u00eezm\u201d<\/strong> e, ku welat be\u015fek ji \u201cYek\u00eetiya Komar\u00ean Ereb\u00ee\u201d ye \u00fb \u201cGel\u00ea S\u00fbriy\u00ea be\u015fek ji neteweya Ereb e\u201d. her wiha ji ber ku serok Ereb\u00ee S\u00fbr\u00ee ye, hem\u00fb p\u00eakhatey\u00ean din hatin durxistin. B\u00ea guman di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de serweriya hi\u015fmendiya d\u00eektator hate ferizkirin. <\/em><\/p>\n

Ev dest\u00fbr du caran hate guherandin, cara yekem di sala 1981\u2019\u00ea de ji bo guhertina \u015fekl\u00ea ala welat ji ala Yekitiya Komar\u00ean Ereb\u00ee, ji bo ku Serok\u00ea Komar\u00ea bi yasaya diyarkirina al\u00ea hi\u015ft. Cara duyem di t\u00eermeha 2000\u2019\u00ea de b\u00fb ku temen\u00ea namzed\u00ea serokomariy\u00ea ji \u00e7il sal\u00ee daxist 34 salan da ku Be\u015far Esed<\/strong> bikaribe \u015f\u00fbna bav\u00ea xwe namzed bike.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dest\u00fbra daw\u00ee 2012<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Be\u015far Esed<\/strong><\/em> pi\u015ft\u00ea wefata bev\u00ea w\u00ee di 13\u2019\u00ea T\u00eermeha 2001\u2019an de hate ser desthilatdariy\u00ea. Pi\u015ft\u00ee destp\u00eakirina serhildana gel di 15\u2019\u00ea Adara 2011\u2019an de, Be\u015far Esed <\/strong>di axaftina xwe ya s\u00eayem a di 21\u2019\u00ea Hez\u00eerana 2011\u2019an de soza p\u00eakan\u00eena hin guhartinan da \u00fb behsa mijara n\u00fbniv\u00eesandin an j\u00ee sererastkirina dest\u00fbr\u00ea kir. Di 27\u00ea \u00celon\u00ea de, Buseyna \u015eaaban<\/strong> e\u015fkere kir ku serok di\u015f\u00eawire ji bo avakirina kom\u00eeteyek ji bo amadekirina dest\u00fbrek\u00ea \u00fb ew \u00ea hewl bide ku “Opozisyon” j\u00ee t\u00eade rol bil\u00eezin. Di 15\u2019\u00ea Cotmeha 2011\u2019an de, Esed bi fermana Komar\u00ee jimare 33, kom\u00eeteyek ji bo n\u00fbniv\u00eesandina dest\u00fbr\u00ea derxist. L\u00ea di w\u00ea kom\u00eetey\u00ea de h\u00eaz\u00ean dijber “Opozisyon” y\u00ean ku ji hundir\u00ee S\u00fbriy\u00ea ne; t\u00ea de n\u00een b\u00fb. pi\u015ft\u00ee 4 mehan ji karkirina li ser dest\u00fbra n\u00fb, Kom\u00eetey\u00ea di 15\u2019\u00ea Sibata 2012\u2019an de re\u015fniv\u00eesa dest\u00fbr\u00ea radest\u00ee Esed<\/strong> kir. Di 27\u2019\u00ea sibat\u00ea de mers\u00fbma 94an ku dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een a n\u00fb pejirandib\u00fb hat derxistin. Dest\u00fbr gelek rast\u00ee rexneyan hat ji ber ku piraniya bend ji bend\u00ean dest\u00fbra ber\u00ea hatib\u00fbn girtin.<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00eajay\u00ee b\u00eerxistin\u00ea ye ku guhertina daw\u00een a da\u00eem\u00ee ya Dest\u00fbra S\u00fbriy\u00ea di 27\u2019\u00ea Sibata 2012\u2019an de hat derxistin \u00fb di 29\u2019\u00ea \u00c7ileya 2025\u2019an de hat rawestandin. Dest\u00fbra niha ji aliy\u00ea kom\u00eeteyek ji aliy\u00ea Be\u015far Esed ve hatiye amadekirin \u00fb bi referand\u00fbmeke ku di 26\u2019\u00ea Sibata 2012\u2019an de p\u00eak hatib\u00fb hate pesendkirin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee dest\u00fbra 2012<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Di konferansa diyalog\u00ea ya ku di 30\u2019\u00ea \u00c7ileya 2018\u2019an de li bajar\u00ea So\u00e7iy\u00ea y\u00ea R\u00fbsyay\u00ea hat lidarxistin de ku li ser avakirina kom\u00eeteyeke ji n\u00fb ve niv\u00eesandina dest\u00fbr\u00ea li hev kirin. L\u00ea bel\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee derbasb\u00fbna 2 salan ev kom\u00eete bi awayek\u00ee ferm\u00ee hate orgen\u00eezekirin. Kom\u00eeteyek ku ji 150 kesan p\u00eak t\u00ea, bi awayek\u00ee wekhev li ser 50 n\u00fbner\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea hik\u00fbmeta S\u00fbriy\u00ea ve hatine hilbijartin, hat dabe\u015fkirin, 50 n\u00fbner\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea opozisyon\u00ea ve hatine hilbijartin \u00fb 50 kes\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea n\u00fbner\u00ea NY li S\u00fbriy\u00ea, Geir Pedersen, ji r\u00eaxistin\u00ean civaka siv\u00eel hatine hilbijartin. Yekem car di 3\u2019\u00ea Cotmeha 2019\u2019an de li Cin\u00eav\u00ea<\/strong> civiya \u00fb n\u00fbner\u00ea Netewey\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee Geir Pedersen<\/strong> diyar kir ku armanca v\u00ea kom\u00eet\u00ea ew e ku ji aliy\u00ea S\u00fbriyan ve dest\u00fbrek ji bo S\u00fbriy\u00ea were amedekirin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ev bi h\u00eaviya \u00e7areserkirina aloziya S\u00fbriy\u00ea hate p\u00eakan\u00een, l\u00ea bel\u00ea ev gav negih\u00ee\u015ft tu encaman \u00fb aloziya S\u00fbriy\u00ea h\u00een k\u00fbrtir b\u00fb. Her wiha tu aliy\u00ean navnetew\u00ee ji bo \u00e7areserkirin \u00fb avakirina lihevkirinek\u00ea di navber Hik\u00fbmeta \u015eam\u00ea \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean Opozisyon\u00ea de nekirin. Heyan\u00ee ku di 8\u2019\u00ea Kan\u00fbna 2024\u2019an H\u00eaz\u00ean HT\u015e\u2019\u00ea bi r\u00eaveberiya Ehmed El \u015eeri<\/strong> (Colan\u00ee)<\/strong> bi operasyoneke le\u015fker\u00ee serweriya xwe li ser tavah\u00ee S\u00fbriy\u00ea ji bil\u00ee her\u00eam\u00ean di bin kontrola R\u00eaveberiya Xweser de \u00eelan kir. Be\u015far El Esed<\/strong> bi malbata xwe ve ji tevah\u00ee S\u00fbriy\u00ea derketin \u00fb serweriya mala Esed a n\u00eaz\u00ee 70 sal\u00ee hate bidaw\u00eekirin. <\/em><\/p>\n

Roja derxstina Firansay\u00ea ji S\u00fbriy\u00ea<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Roj<\/em> \u00a0derketina Frans\u00ee ji S\u00fbriy\u00ea, her sal di 17\u00ea N\u00eesan de dihat p\u00eerozkirin ku di 17\u2019\u00ea N\u00eesana sala 1946\u2019an de roja derxistina le\u015fker\u00ea her\u00ee daw\u00ee y\u00ea Frans\u00ee ji axa S\u00fbriy\u00ea ye. Hin kes roja serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea bi roja derxistina le\u015fker\u00ean Frans\u00ee re tevlihev dikin, ji ber ku roja serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea 8\u2019\u00ea Adara 1920\u2019an e, l\u00ea roja derxistina le\u015fker\u00ean Fransa 17\u2019\u00ea N\u00eesana 1946an e.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u00fbriye keng\u00ee b\u00fb Komar?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

S\u00fbriye di navbera sal\u00ean 1958-1961\u2019an de bi nav\u00ea \u201cKomara Ereb\u00ee ya Yekb\u00fby\u00ee\u201d<\/strong> bi Misir\u00ea re b\u00fb yek \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee ku Serok\u00ea S\u00fbriy\u00ea \u015eukr\u00ee El-Quwatl\u00ee<\/strong> dest ji serokatiy\u00ea berda, di 22\u2019\u00ea Sibata 1958\u2019an de di navbera komar\u00ean Misir \u00fb S\u00fbriy\u00ea de bi serokatiya Cemal Ebdulnas\u00ear<\/strong> hate ragihandin. <\/em><\/p>\n

Nirxandin\u00ean R\u00eaber Abdullah Ocalan y\u00ean derbar\u00ea Hiq\u00fbq \u00fb zagon de<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Bi gi\u015ft\u00ee hiq\u00fbq \u00fb bi taybet\u00ee j\u00ee hiq\u00fbqa ku \u00eero serdest e, b\u00ea guman berhem\u00ean zihniyeta m\u00earan\u00ee-otor\u00eeter \u00fb desteserker e ku civak\u00ea li ser civak\u00ean jor \u00fb j\u00ear dabe\u015f dike. H\u00eaza xwe ne ji qeb\u00fblkirina civak\u00ea l\u00ea ji dewlet an j\u00ee h\u00eazeke bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee digire. Peyva “Hiq\u00fbq” ya ereb\u00ee pirjimariya peyva “rast” e. Ew r\u00eagez \u00fb qan\u00fbn\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ve ji bo bir\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eakkirina reftar\u00ean kes \u00fb civak\u00ea hatine ferzkirin, vedib\u00eaje.<\/em><\/p>\n

Zagona ku bi z\u00eehniyeta serdest a m\u00ear hatiye avakirin zayendperest\u00ee ye, yekem rastiya ku \u00eenkar dike cih \u00fb giraniya jin\u00ea di civak\u00ea de ye. Ev qa\u00eedeya yekem e. Latter; d\u00fbrketina ji prens\u00eeba exlaq\u00ea ye. M\u00eena her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ji exlaq\u00ea qut b\u00fbye. Hiq\u00fbq di xizmeta dewlet \u00fb hik\u00fbmet\u00ea de ye \u00fb derd\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea bingeh\u00een ne edalet e. Her dewlet t\u00eagihi\u015ftina xwe ya hiq\u00fbq\u00ea heye. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de hiq\u00fbq ji bil\u00ee pol\u00eet\u00eekaya bi r\u00eagez \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne ti\u015ftek\u00ee din e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea hiq\u00fbq li \u015f\u00fbna ku bibe bersiv ji pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ea re, xwedan cewherek despot\u00eek e ku pirsgir\u00eakan k\u00fbr dike, hewcedariy\u00ean civak\u00ee li ber \u00e7avan nagire, jin, civak \u00fb xwezay\u00ea li ber \u00e7avan nagire \u00fb di nav wan de biyan\u00eeb\u00fbn, per\u00e7eb\u00fbn, newekhev\u00ee \u00fb \u00eenkar\u00ea giran dike. Li ser nav\u00ea hiq\u00fbqa civak\u00ea tu h\u00eaz nikare edalet\u00ea p\u00eak b\u00eene, di avakirina civak\u00ean xweser \u00fb s\u00eestemat\u00eezekirina \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ean jiyana demokrat\u00eek, kom\u00eenal de nikare roleke gir\u00eeng bil\u00eeze. N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya hiq\u00fbq\u00ee ya ku di xizmeta civak\u00ea de be, adil, wekhev\u00eexwaz \u00fb bi exlaq \u00fb siyaset\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee dikare di \u00e7areseriya pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee de rol bil\u00eeze. Bi taybet\u00ee j\u00ee div\u00ea t\u00eakiliy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean bi siyaseta demokrat\u00eek re xurt bike \u00fb berjewendiy\u00ean civak, maf \u00fb edalet\u00ea ji xwe re esas bigire. Ji bo v\u00ea j\u00ee div\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya \u201cErka bingeh\u00een a hiq\u00fbq\u00ea parastin \u00fb xurtkirina dewlet\u00ea li hember\u00ee civak\u00ea ye\u201d were derbaskirin \u00fb wek\u00ee \u201cErk\u00ea hiq\u00fbq\u00ea ew e ku civak\u00ea li hember\u00ee h\u00eaza dewlet\u00ea bi xwed\u00eekirina maf\u00ean bingeh\u00een bipar\u00eaze\u201d.<\/p>\n

Civak j\u00ee bi qan\u00fbn\u00ea dikare b\u00ea xurtkirin. Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea mirov dikare \u015fekil bide civak\u00ea, l\u00ea zagon\u00ean diyarker \u00ean di heb\u00fbna civak\u00ea de zagon\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean exlaq\u00ee \u00fb prens\u00eeba edalet\u00ea ne. Ji bo ku edaleta civak\u00ee p\u00eak were, div\u00ea hiq\u00fbq ji dewlet \u00fb saziy\u00ean desthilatdariy\u00ea d\u00fbr bikeve \u00fb bi exlaq ve were gir\u00eadan. Ten\u00ea w\u00ea dem\u00ea dikare ji bo civak\u00ea rolek er\u00ean\u00ee bil\u00eeze. Ji ber ku ne dewlet hewcedar\u00ea parastin\u00ea ye, p\u00eadiviya civak\u00ea ye. Ji bo v\u00ea j\u00ee div\u00ea hiq\u00fbq bi exlaq\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb bim\u00eene \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina edalet\u00ea j\u00ee di eksena civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de b\u00ea \u00e7areserkirin.<\/p>\n

Sazkirina r\u00eagezek jiyan\u00ea ya dadmend ten\u00ea dema ku civak zagon\u00ean xwe y\u00ean jiyan\u00ea biafir\u00eene \u00fb p\u00eak b\u00eene, p\u00eakan e. Tu h\u00eaz nikare li ser nav\u00ea civak\u00ea edalet\u00ea p\u00eak b\u00eene yan j\u00ee misoger bike. Ten\u00ea civak dikare v\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan bide. Ji v\u00ee al\u00ee ve dab\u00eenkirina edalet\u00ea \u00fb dan\u00een \u00fb bicihan\u00eena yasa \u00fb r\u00eagez\u00ean ku ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea p\u00eaw\u00eest in, hem maf\u00ea her\u00ee bingeh\u00een \u00fb hem j\u00ee erka her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a civak \u00fb takekes e.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00eakiliya Hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bi Siyaseta Demokrat\u00eek re<\/strong><\/p>\n

Div\u00ea em hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bi qas\u00ee ku em bi edaleta civak\u00ee, azad\u00ee \u00fb exlaq\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee difikirin, bi siyaseta demokrat\u00eek re j\u00ee hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bifikirin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015f bixin. Div\u00ea hiq\u00fbqa li ser bingeha edaleta civak\u00ee li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea be ku civak ancax bi \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ea siyaseta demokrat\u00eek azad bibe. Div\u00ea ev yek di ser\u00ea p\u00eevan\u00ean xwe de cih bigire. Hiq\u00fbqa ku ji siyaseta demokrat\u00eek qut be, li dij\u00ee w\u00ea be \u00fb p\u00ea re b\u00ea gir\u00eadan t\u00ea wateya qan\u00fbneke ku hi\u015fmendiya civak\u00ee tune ye \u00fb ji r\u00eagez\u00ean edalet, exlaq \u00fb azadiy\u00ea d\u00fbr e. Ti\u015fta ku civak dike ew e ku bir\u00eavebirina prens\u00eeba edalet\u00ea ye. Zagoneke ku bi siyaseta demokrat\u00eek ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee be \u00fb r\u00eagez\u00ean xwe li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea ava kiribe, dikare tevkariy\u00ea li avakirina edaleta civak\u00ee bike. Ten\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dikare be\u015fdar\u00ee t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena maf\u00ean mirovan, a\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb demokrasiy\u00ea bibe \u00fb ji bo civak\u00ea rol bil\u00eeze. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de qan\u00fbna ku em dixwazin p\u00ea\u015f bixin ev e; Zagona ku civaka siyas\u00ee \u00fb exlaq\u00ee hedef digire \u00fb erka w\u00ea ya p\u00ea\u015fxistin \u00fb parastina w\u00ea diyar dike.<\/p>\n

T\u00eagihi\u015ftina huq\u00fbq\u00ea ku armanc dike bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dadmendiya civak\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f bixe, li ser esas\u00ea pabendb\u00fbna civak\u00ea ya bi rastiya siyaseta demokrat\u00eek re \u00fb ji bo bidestxistina h\u00eaza p\u00eanasekirin, bir\u00eaxistinkirin \u00fb \u00eefadekirina xwe \u00fb bibe \u00eerade gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

\u00c7avkaniya Qan\u00fbn\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

Me got qan\u00fbn ew zagona ku di nav civak\u00ea de bi zehmet\u00ee t\u00eane p\u00eakan\u00een \u00fb dikare bi niv\u00eesk\u00ee \u00fb devk\u00ee be. Di serdem\u00ean ku civak ji qeb\u00eele \u00fb e\u015f\u00eeran p\u00eak dihat, hiq\u00fbq derneket. R\u00eagez\u00ean ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin exlaq, ku bi rengek\u00ee hiq\u00fbqa xwezay\u00ee j\u00ee dikare were p\u00eanasekirin, bixweber p\u00eak t\u00ea. C\u00fbdahiya di navbera exlaq \u00fb hiq\u00fbq\u00ea de ew e ku meriv bi zor\u00ea t\u00ea me\u015fandin \u00fb di bin sizayek ber\u00ea hat\u00ee zan\u00een de ye, di heman dem\u00ea de exlaq b\u00eay\u00ee ku h\u00eazek xwe ya cezakirin\u00ea tevbigere.<\/p>\n

Hiq\u00fbq diyardeyeke ku bi dabe\u015fb\u00fbna civak\u00ea li ser \u00e7\u00eenan derketiye hol\u00ea \u00fb bi p\u00ea\u015fketina dewlet\u00ea re (ku t\u00ea wateya pa\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn-qelsb\u00fbna civak\u00ea) ketiye nava jiyana civak\u00ee . \u00c7avkaniya hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bi giran\u00ee \u00eeradeya ku dewlet\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadike \u00fb bi r\u00ea ve dibe ye. Qiral be, mecl\u00ees be j\u00ee cewhera w\u00ea naguhere. Mirov dikare b\u00eaje ku exlaq j\u00ee li gel civaka \u00e7\u00een\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya r\u00eagez\u00ean hiq\u00fbq\u00ee ye \u00fb \u00e7avkaniyek gir\u00eeng p\u00eak t\u00eene. T\u00ea zan\u00een ku kes\u00ean aqilmend \u00fb saziy\u00ean bi hiq\u00fbq\u00ea re mij\u00fbl dibin j\u00ee r\u00eagez\u00ean hiq\u00fbq\u00ee diafir\u00eenin. T\u00ea d\u00eetin ku bi taybet\u00ee di \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean dagirker\u00ee \u00fb kolonyal\u00eezm\u00ea de h\u00eazeke derve j\u00ee r\u00eagez\u00ean ku w\u00ea bibin \u00e7avkaniya hiq\u00fbq\u00ea ferz dike.<\/em><\/p>\n

Zagona her\u00ee pa\u015fveger qan\u00fbn e ku \u00e7avkaniya xwe li ser h\u00eazek \u00eelah\u00ee bingeh digire. Ji ber ku ew pad\u00ee\u015fah-\u015fah-sultan \u00fb desthilatdariya dewlet\u00ea, ku bi qas\u00ee Xwed\u00ea bilind dibin, wek\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya yekane digire. Zagona serdema koletiya \u015faristaniya navend\u00ee \u00fb koletiya gih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee bi giran\u00ee bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee ye. Li Rojhilata Nav\u00een xwed\u00ee d\u00eerokeke xurt e. Ewqas bandorker e ku di zagona \u00eeroy\u00een de j\u00ee xuya dike. Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee li gel h\u00eazeke tar\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7anda dewlet\u00ea, m\u00eena kab\u00fbsek\u00ea daketiye ser civak\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een. Bandora v\u00ea t\u00eagihi\u015ftina hiq\u00fbq\u00ea di k\u00fbrahiya despot\u00eezm\u00ea de roleke gir\u00eeng list \u00fb ji ber ku bi kevne\u015fopiya dewleta despot\u00eek ava b\u00fbye, roleke me\u015fr\u00fbkirin\u00ea l\u00eestiye.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015e\u00eaweya hiq\u00fbq\u00ea ya her\u00ee berfireh a ku hewl hat day\u00een dewsa exlaq\u00ea bigire \u00fb heta \u00eero ji gelek aliyan ve weke m\u00eenak hatiye girtin, di \u00cemparatoriya Romay\u00ea de t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Civaka Roma B.Z. Di v\u00ea p\u00eavajoya ku di sal\u00ean 750-\u00ee de bi veguher\u00eena bajar dewlet\u00ea dest p\u00ea kir, qan\u00fbn di destp\u00eak\u00ea de ji h\u00eala konsul\u00ean ku wek\u00ee n\u00fbner\u00ean civak\u00ea hatine hilbijartin ne bi \u00eeradeya pad\u00ee\u015fah hate afirandin. Daxwaza pad\u00ee\u015fah j\u00ee qan\u00fbn\u00ea dide; l\u00ea ji destp\u00eak\u00ea ve p\u00eaw\u00eest b\u00fb ku hemwelatiy\u00ean Rom\u00ea bi r\u00eaka n\u00fbner\u00ean xwe, bi r\u00eagez\u00ean taybet\u00ee \u00fb bi c\u00eebic\u00eekar kar \u00fb bar\u00ean xwe bi r\u00ea ve bibin.<\/p>\n

Ew zagona Rom\u00ea ye ku mohra xwe li serdem\u00ea hi\u015ftiye heya heyama \u00eemparator\u00ea Romaya Rojhilat Justinian (565 PZ) \u00fb ew di gelek qonaxan re derbas b\u00fbye \u00fb hem j\u00ee b\u00fbye bingeha hiq\u00fbqa b\u00fbrj\u00fbwaz\u00ee. Aliy\u00ea gir\u00eeng ev e ku qan\u00fbn wek\u00ee xwedan eslek\u00ee xweday\u00ee nedihat d\u00eetin, l\u00ea ji qa\u00eedey\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala hemwelatiy\u00ean Romay\u00ee y\u00ean bi karakterek la\u00eeq ve hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin p\u00eak dihat. (Div\u00ea ney\u00ea ji b\u00eer kirin ku ev li gor\u00ee xwediy\u00ean koleyan \u00fb nif\u00fbsa Rom\u00ea hindikahiyek bi\u00e7\u00fbk b\u00fbn \u00fb girseyek mezin a koleyan j\u00ee b\u00ea maf b\u00fbn).<\/p>\n

Di dema ku hiq\u00fbq di serdema koletiya gih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee (Serdema Feodal) de di civak\u00ean rojhilat\u00ee de bi esl\u00ea xwe y\u00ea xweday\u00ee berdewam kir, di civak\u00ean rojavay\u00ee de \u00e7\u00eana serdest \u00e7\u00een\u00ean din bi h\u00eaza xwe ji v\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina hiq\u00fbq\u00ea ya la\u00eeq gihandina rew\u015fa ferzkirin \u00fb pejirandina \u00eeradey\u00ean xwe ji aliy\u00ea desthilatdar\u00ean qiral ve. Zagona ku di sedsala 13. de bi Magna Charta derketiye hol\u00ea, dikare wek\u00ee berdewamiya kevne\u015fopiya Romay\u00ea were hesibandin. Di civak\u00ean rojhilat\u00ee de n\u00fbb\u00fbneke hiq\u00fbq\u00ee ya ku bi dilxwaz\u00ee derketina h\u00eazeke civak\u00ee ya n\u00fb tems\u00eel bike, tune ye. Ji sedsala 11’an \u00fb vir ve, bi \u015f\u00eerovekirina Qur’an\u00ea (\u00eect\u00eehad) j\u00ee r\u00eaya p\u00ea\u015fxistina huq\u00fbq\u00ea hat girtin. \u015eer\u00eeeta ku \u00e7avkaniya xwe dide Allah, ji bil\u00ee ferzkirina \u00eeradeya b\u00ea kontrol, keyf\u00ee \u00fb yekal\u00ee ya ji aliy\u00ea \u015fah \u00fb sultanan ve tu wateya w\u00ea n\u00eene. P\u00ea\u015fketin \u00fb serdestiya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest b\u00fbye sedema civakeke pir tevl\u00eehev, nakok\u00ee \u00fb kaot\u00eek. Ji bo zagona modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest were afirandin, hiq\u00fbqa Romay\u00ea ji n\u00fb ve hate nirxandin \u00fb n\u00fbkirin. Bi taybet\u00ee j\u00ee Qan\u00fbna Meden\u00ee hat n\u00fbkirin \u00fb p\u00eavajoya “Tevgera Dest\u00fbra Bingeh\u00een” wek bingeha pergala siyas\u00ee hat destp\u00eakirin. Ji bo her netewe dewletek makezagoneke cuda b\u00fbye armanca sereke. Dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een di p\u00eavajoya modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de xwed\u00ee roleke sembol\u00eek e.<\/p>\n

T\u00ea gotin ku qan\u00fbn\u00ean her\u00ee kevn \u00ean di pergala hiq\u00fbq\u00ee de qan\u00fbn\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee<\/strong> an j\u00ee ber\u00ea qan\u00fbn\u00ean Urnam\u00fb ne. Ev zagon\u00ean niv\u00eesk\u00ee y\u00ean her\u00ee kevn in ku heta roja me ya \u00eero mane. N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya bingeh\u00een a van qan\u00fbn\u00ean ku d\u00eeroka wan vedigere \u00e7ar-p\u00eanc hezar salan, parastina milk \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea ye. Dema em li qan\u00fbn\u00ean Hemorab\u00ee<\/strong> y\u00ean ku heta \u00eero hatine din\u00earin, em dib\u00eenin ku esas\u00ea qan\u00fbnan parastina milk \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea ye. Ji her kes\u00ee re e\u015fkere ye ku hem\u00fb qan\u00fbn\u00ean pa\u015feroj\u00ea heman n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya hevpar \u015fopandine.<\/p>\n

Hiq\u00fbq an hiq\u00fbqa dewlet\u00ea?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dewlet her tim afirandin \u00fb am\u00fbra her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a h\u00eaz\u00ean serdest e. \u00c7i di \u015fekl\u00ea d\u00eektatoriy\u00ea de be, \u00e7i di \u015fekl\u00ea dewleteke civak\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7i dewleteke hiq\u00fbq\u00ee ya ku xwe demokrat\u00eek dib\u00eene, cewhera w\u00ea z\u00eade neguheriye. Wekheviya li p\u00ea\u015fber\u00ee hiq\u00fbq\u00ea rew\u015fa mirov\u00ean xizan neguherandiye. Maf\u00ea milkiyet\u00ea ji bo kes\u00ean b\u00ea mal \u00fb milk tu car\u00ee neb\u00fbye gir\u00eeng. Gih\u00ee\u015ftina l\u00fbtkeya hilber\u00eena p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee, naskirina maf\u00ea dengdan\u00ea \u00fb hilbijartin\u00ea \u00fb bi nav\u00ea dewleta hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bi r\u00eagez \u00fb zagonan ve gir\u00eadide, ji bo dadmendiya civak\u00ee t\u00ear\u00ea nekir. Bi kurtas\u00ee, modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest a netew-dewlet\u00ea, d\u00fbr\u00ee jihol\u00earakirina xizan\u00ee, newekheviy\u00ean sosyo-abor\u00ee \u00fb b\u00eaedaletiya civak\u00ee bi qan\u00fbn\u00ean ku p\u00eak t\u00eene, pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee derxistiye asteke ku dikare daw\u00ee li mirovahiy\u00ea \u00fb gerst\u00earka me b\u00eene. Fikra “dewleta civak\u00ee” ya ku ew hemb\u00eaz dikin j\u00ee diz\u00ee ye. Fikra dewleteke civak\u00ee, ku di bin bandora \u015fore\u015f\u00ean 1830 \u00fb 1848an de derketiye hol\u00ea, ji aliy\u00ea l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ve weke dewleteke bi hiq\u00fbq\u00ea t\u00ea bir\u00eavebirin, hay j\u00ea neb\u00fb yan j\u00ee hat naskirin; xwendin, karkirin, jiyanek bi tendurist, xwed\u00ee kar \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fe, gih\u00ee\u015ftina standardek guncav \u00fb hwd, mafan dihew\u00eene. Li gor\u00ee dewleta civak\u00ee, xizan\u00ee \u00fb b\u00eakar\u00ee ne k\u00ea\u015feya takekes\u00ee ne, ji ber ku nikarin wek pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean kesane b\u00ean hesibandin. Berpirsiyar\u00ea van pirsgir\u00eakan dewlet e. Bir\u00eaz Ocalan derbar\u00ea mijar\u00ea de wiha dib\u00eaje; “Burj\u00fbwaz\u00ee, wek\u00ee \u00e7\u00eenek, bi \u015f\u00eefrekirina w\u00ea ya her\u00ee ba\u015f di bin nav\u00ea hiq\u00fbq\u00ea de exlaq\u00ea kevin dike \u00fb desthilatdariya xwe ya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee li ser civak\u00ea ferz dike“. <\/em><\/p>\n

Civaka hiq\u00fbq\u00ee \u015f\u00fbna civaka exlaq\u00ee digire. Em li vir bi guhertineke pir gir\u00eeng re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ne. Hewldan\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00eekirin\u00ea j\u00ee di d\u00eerok\u00ea de t\u00eane d\u00eetin. L\u00ea hiq\u00fbq tu car\u00ee bi qas\u00ee ku di modern\u00eeteya b\u00fbrj\u00fbwaz\u00ee de bi h\u00fbrgul\u00ee tine b\u00fb. Ya ku t\u00ea bidestxistin di bin nav\u00ea hiq\u00fbq\u00ea de yekdestdariya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye, yekdestdariya hiq\u00fbq\u00ee ava dike. Ne p\u00eakan e ku xwezayeke pir tevl\u00eehev a weke civak\u00ea bi hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bi r\u00ea ve bibe. B\u00ea \u015fik hiq\u00fbq di nav civak\u00ea de cih digire, bi \u015fert\u00ea ku adil be; di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, qan\u00fbn ne\u00e7ar e. L\u00ea ya ku di bin nav\u00ea hiq\u00fbqa poz\u00eet\u00eef de ji aliy\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ve li ser civak\u00ea t\u00ea ferzkirin ne ten\u00ea hiq\u00fbq e, yekdestdariya \u00e7\u00een \u00fb netewe ya serdest, normalb\u00fby\u00eena netew-dewlet\u00ea di nava hiq\u00fbq\u00ea de cih girtiye. Hilwe\u015fandina exlaq bi tinekirina civak\u00ea re hevwate ye. Ti\u015fta ku diqewime v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea pi\u015ftrast dike.<\/p>\n

\u00c7avkaniya l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea ji (L\u00eakol\u00eena Hiq\u00fbq \u00fb edaleta civak\u00ee a <\/strong><\/em>Akademiya Zanist\u00ean Civak\u00ee ya Abdullah Ocalan)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Herwiha R\u00eaber Abdullah Ocalan di Man\u00eefestoya Civaka Demokrat\u00eek Pirt\u00fbka duyem\u00een (\u015earistaniya Kap\u00eetal\u00eest) de wiha dinirx\u00eene.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Mirov ji aliyan ve bi kurt\u00ee be j\u00ee behsa hiq\u00fbq\u00ea bi s\u00eestema n\u00fb re bike w\u00ea ba\u015f be. Bi gi\u015ft\u00ee keng\u00ee t\u00eekiliy\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee, bazar \u00fb baj\u00ear p\u00ea\u015fketin hiq\u00fbqa xwe weke saziyek\u00ea feriz dike. Di civakek\u00ea de keng\u00ee hiq\u00fbq bikeve dewr\u00ea, di w\u00ea civak\u00ee de exlaq dejenere b\u00fbye, rola zor\u00ea z\u00eade dibe \u00fb r\u00ea li ber kaos\u00ea vedike, herwiha pirsgir\u00eaka newekheviy\u00ea gelek\u00ee xwe dide der \u00fb xuya dike. Ji ber ku pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean mezin \u00ean exlaq\u00ea \u00fb wekheviy\u00ea li bajaran li dora \u00e7\u00een \u00fb bazar\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadibin di n\u00eezam\u00ea dewlet\u00ea de hiq\u00fbq bi v\u00ea nav\u00ea xwe ferz dike. b\u00eay\u00ee hiq\u00fbq\u00ea r\u00eavebirina dewlet\u00ea b\u00ea \u00eemkan nebe j\u00ee gelek\u00ee zehmet dibe. <\/em><\/p>\n

Mirov dikare wiha bi nav bike; h\u00eaza \u00e7alakiya siyas\u00ee ya dewlet\u00ea may\u00eende, bi p\u00eevan \u00fb saz\u00ee dike. Bi awayek\u00ee din mirov dikare bib\u00eaje; dewleta aram, sakin \u00fb cemid\u00ee \u00eefade dike. Yek ji wan saziyan e ku her\u00ee z\u00eade t\u00eak\u00eeliya xwe bi dewlet\u00ea re heye. T\u00eak\u00eeliya dewlet \u00fb bazirganiy\u00ea heta bi kap\u00eetal\u00eestb\u00fby\u00een\u00ea re her p\u00ea\u015f de \u00e7\u00fbye, gr\u00eeft b\u00fbye \u00fb dewam kiriye. Ji civaka Bab\u00eelan heta Romay\u00ea metn\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ean em dikarin ji wan re hiq\u00fbq b\u00eajin hatine amedekirin. bi giran\u00ee ev metin li ser jidestdana mal \u00fb can hatine amedekirin. <\/em><\/p>\n

Armanca hiq\u00fbq\u00ea him k\u00eamkirin \u00fb h\u00easankirina pirisgir\u00eak\u00ean siyaset\u00ea ye, carnan j\u00ee beravaj\u00ee r\u00ea li pirrkirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean w\u00ea vedike. wez\u00eefeya hiq\u00fbq\u00ea weke ku t\u00ea yeq\u00eenkirin, bi awayek\u00ee wekhev n\u00eaz\u00eekb\u00fbna her welatiy\u00ea xwe n\u00eene, berevaj\u00ee hewl dide newekheviy\u00ean hey\u00ee b\u00eene astek\u00ea ku rewa b\u00eane qeb\u00fblkirin \u00fb kes nikaribe dest\u00ea xwe bide wan. Bi kurt\u00ee, mirov hiq\u00fbq\u00ea weke r\u00eaxistinkirina yekdestdariya erka siyas\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee may\u00eende bi nav bike, w\u00ea ev bibe \u015f\u00eeroveyeke n\u00eaz\u00ee rastiy\u00ea. <\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00eak\u00eeliya xwe bi exlaq re gelek\u00ee gir\u00eenge. Exlaq m\u00eena \u00e7\u00eemantoy\u00ea civak\u00ea ye. civak tineye ku exlaq tinebe. Exlaq prens\u00eeba p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee ya r\u00eaxistiniya civaka mirov e. Fonksiyana w\u00ea ya esas\u00ee ew e, ka mejiy\u00ea anal\u00eet\u00eek \u00fb mejiy\u00ea his\u00ee w\u00ea ji bo ba\u015fiya civak\u00ea \u00e7awa b\u00eane bikaran\u00een \u00fb \u00e7awa bibin helwest, r\u00eazik \u00fb p\u00eevan. Li hember\u00ee tavahiya civak\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee wekhev devdigere, l\u00ea rola cudahiyan \u00fb maf\u00ean wan li ber \u00e7av digire. Di destp\u00eak\u00ea de wicdan\u00ea kolakt\u00eef \u00ea civak\u00ea tems\u00eel dike. Keng\u00ee erka siyas\u00ee \u00fb hiyarar\u015f\u00ee xwe weke dewlet bi saz\u00ee dike, civaka exlaq\u00ee derba p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee dixe. Dabe\u015fb\u00fbna \u00e7\u00een\u00ee bingeha dabe\u015fb\u00fbna exlaq\u00ee amede dike. pirsgir\u00eaka exlaq\u00ee bi v\u00ee away\u00ee dest p\u00ea dike. El\u00eeta siyas\u00ee v\u00ea pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea bi hiq\u00fbq\u00ea dixwaze \u00e7areser bike, l\u00ea rahib z\u00eadetir h\u00fbr\u00fbk\u00fbr bi ser mijar\u00ea de di\u00e7in \u00fb dixwazin r\u00eayek\u00ee bib\u00eenin. Ji v\u00ee al\u00ee ve d\u00een \u00fb hiq\u00fbq, exlaq\u00a0 weke cavkan\u00ee qeb\u00fbl dikin. \u00e7awa ku siyaset ji h\u00eaza siyas\u00ee ya may\u00eende, bi p\u00eevan \u00fb mekan\u00eezmey\u00ean bi saz\u00ee hiq\u00fbq\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene, damezr\u00eener\u00ean d\u00een j\u00ee bi heman fonksiyon\u00ea radibin \u00fb bi avakirineke din a saz\u00ee, bi p\u00eevan \u00fb may\u00eende ya \u00e7avkaniya xwe exlaq ango bi d\u00een dixwazin kir\u00eeza exlaq\u00ee \u00e7areser bikin. Di nava wan de cudahiyek heye, ew j\u00ee ew e ku h\u00eaza hiq\u00fbq\u00ea ya bide kirin heye, d\u00een ne xwediy\u00ea v\u00ee wesf\u00ee ye, li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea tirsa xwed\u00ea \u00fb wicdan esas digire. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Exlaq ji ber ku bi qap\u00eeliyeta hilbijartin\u00ea ya mirov re t\u00eakildar e, p\u00eawendiya w\u00ea ji n\u00eaz ve bi azadiy\u00ea re heye. Exlaq azadiy\u00ea hewce dike. Ya esas, civakeke bi exlaq azadiya xwe diyar dike. Ji lewra ya azadiya xwe nebe exlaq\u00ea xwe j\u00ee nabe. R\u00eaya her\u00ee h\u00easan a t\u00eakbirina civak\u00ea ew e ku t\u00eak\u00eeliya w\u00ea bi exlaq re were qutkirin. K\u00eamkirina bandora d\u00een, bi qas\u00ee ya exlaq r\u00ea li ber t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna civak\u00ea venake. \u00cedeolojiy\u00ean b\u00fbne m\u00eena d\u00een \u00ean curbicur, felsefey\u00ean pol\u00eet\u00eek \u00fb jiyan\u00ean ekonom\u00eek dikarin valahiya \u00e7\u00eabibe dagirin. Valatiya cih\u00ea ji ber exlaq may\u00ee, mehkumiyet \u00fb b\u00eapareb\u00fbna ji azadiy\u00ea bi ten\u00ea dikarin dagirin. Teoriya exlaq, et\u00eek an j\u00ee exlaqiyet, weke pirsgir\u00eakeke bingeh\u00een a felsef\u00ee \u00fb ji n\u00fb ve bigih\u00eene rola w\u00ea ya rast\u00ee \u00fb bingeh\u00een. Bi qas\u00ee ku fonksiyona rast a exlaq were destn\u00ee\u015fankirin, heta bibe prens\u00eebeke jiyan\u00ea ya bingeh\u00een w\u00ea gir\u00eengiya xwe weke pirsek\u00ea di nava civak\u00ea de dewam bike \u00fb bipar\u00eaze. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Esma Mistefa Dest\u00fbra welat ew zagona her\u00ee bilind a ku te\u015feya dewlet\u00ea, pergala serwer \u00fb ya hikumet\u00ea diyar dike. Di heman dem\u00ea de r\u00eaxistinkirina pergala gi\u015ft\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea p\u00eakhat\u00ee, teybetkar\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eakiliy\u00ean di navbera reyadaran, maf\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean kes \u00fb koman de destn\u00ee\u015fan dike. Yekem dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een li S\u00fbriy\u00ea di sala 1920\u2019an hat day\u00een. Yekem\u00een […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":221249,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[232],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-221248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-civak-u-jiyan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/221248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=221248"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/221248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":221250,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/221248\/revisions\/221250"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/221249"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=221248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=221248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ronahi.net\/ku\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=221248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}